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A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. You are required to provide a good explanation of why you have chosen the objects/images for your Exhibition and to show a good explanation of how they are related. Just as the essence of technology is not itself technological, so the essence of calculation and the calculable is not accessible to calculation. What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). Herein arises the role of algebraic calculation: everything counts as existing when and only when it has been securely established as a calculable object for cognition. All translation is an interpretation. 13. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. At some point in the future you will become a member of a knowledge community within the multi-versities that are post-secondary education. For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. Human being projects itself in its own project. Knowledge and politics Press to see Commentary 1 -The caste system caused a division between Indians. Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. His speech is sophistry. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. It is concerned with the propernaming of the things. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). The mystery of the principle of reason is what has come to define human beings as the animal rationale. We can see its relation to what is now called algorithms. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. 5. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. These conditions and contexts determine the actions that we will take regarding decisions which we have to make within the everyday experiences of our lives. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. What we call culture is derived from world-view. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. how to drink with a scram bracelet on; ottlite military time; online teaching meaning in kannada; which is its completeness of the calculably secure establishing of objects and the securing of the calculability of our reckoning with them. This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. An examination of what we understand as History can occur here. What is this? In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. Can new knowledge change established. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. henry county courthouse mcdonough, ga outshock inflatable punching bag atlantean city loomian legacy release date. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. To whom or to what are we obliged to them and why? What is the knowledge the lack of which is an indication of our madness? While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. This revealing or bringing out from concealment of what has been buried is the correctness of our representations or what we have come to call the correspondence theory of truth. Clearly, not knowing how a hand phone works is not an indication of madness on our part, but then what is the knowledge that is being spoken about by Socrates? This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. The various types of knowledge that were understood by the Greeks and which are outlined in the linkCT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower indicate that interpretation is linked to doubt and skepticism in our modern understanding of what knowledge is. What do these choices indicate? Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. One might view the current war on terrorism in this light and a fruitful Exhibition can result from determining how this may be the case. (See particularly the comments by Heisenberg in the blogs on The Natural Sciences.). values or beliefs? Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. Prompt: Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? In determining the importance of the various tools that you may be choosing for your Exhibition, you will be making what is called a first order claim. Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. What counts as good evidence for a claim? The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. Take a closer look at the IB curriculum that you are studying. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. 30. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Judgement is the connection between what is stated with that about which a statement is made. Second order claims are claims that are made about knowledge, and you will have to deal with these in evaluating the importance of the claims that you will be making. 13. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. Although these methods are different from the ones in other areas of knowledge, they are still valuable methods of inquiry. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. 24. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. Such a definition is correct to a point. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. what counts as good evidence. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/Introduction-to-Theory-of-Knowledge-An-Alternative-Approach-er4qvq, https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/CT-1-Basic-Concepts-equfll, CT 1: Knowledge and the Knower: Historical Background, CT: The Exhibition: A Glossary of Prompts, The Assault on Truth: Real Life Situations (RLS)Observations, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Introduction, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Dewey and Education, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Christianity: Thoughts on the Lords Prayer, The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge, The Natural Sciences: Historical Background, Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science, Darwin and Nietzsche: Part II: The Essence of Truth as Representation, Darwin and Nietzsche Part IV: Metaphysics as Logic: The Grounds of the Principle of Reason. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. However, the heliocentric theory proved that the earth was spherical and the sun was at the center of the cosmos. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. For a thing to be in the first place, reason must supply its being and the thing must give itself back to the inquiring subject as being able to be known through calculation and measurement i.e. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. . Your email address will not be published. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. what you are getting your education for. This rendering is done through language of some kind. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. As the philosopher Kant said: The mind makes the object. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. Ethics study what people should do and speaks about ideal behaviour. Hence, even though the movie proves how gaining personal knowledge can lead to a change in personal values and beliefs, it does not comply with all the families in the world. Understanding is prior to interpretation. To experience can be understood in many ways. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. All dissemination of knowledge is, in one form or another, political since it deals with the community or the polis. See the link: What is a work of Art? 16. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. they must be given to us a priori. They are the predications of the subject that we call knowledge. It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. Who knew? This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok The Mayan calendar consists of multiple cycles of different lengths. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. Adequate evidence means that the evidence provided is correct. Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. Nietzsche/Darwin: Part IX-B: Education, Ethics/Actions: Contemplative vs. Calculative Thinking. 22. This pretense to knowledge is what must be undercut and exposed. Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. This is usually done through reason as logic, through analogy or metaphor i.e. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. Thoughtful connections can be made here. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. The knowledge of physics, chemistry, electronics, etc. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. Similar explorations can be undertaken in the areas of the arts, particularly the history of the development of the arts. I have written extensively on this topic of personal knowledge on this blog site and recommend that you view the following links to find possible approaches in narrowing your focus on this broad topic: CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; CT 1: Self-Knowledge and Ethics. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. WebAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. A question has arisen regarding the idea of added value in comment #2. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? In connection with the historical development of natural science, things become objects through reason; they become material, and a point of mass in motion in space and time and the methodology used pursues the calculation of these various points. To regard moods or conscience as experiences ignores the way in which these moods disclose or how they open up for us our way of being in the world and our human being. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? I dont understand the link. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. How one re-searches the historical developments within an area of knowledge will be determined byhermaneuticsand the de-constructionof language. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. The author In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience. Answer (1 of 6): Can yes, Will no. We cannot count on them because they are not grounded and the principle of sufficient reason supplies the grounds. 27. For example, the virtue of a thoroughbred racehorse is to run fast; it is not good if it does not or cannot do so. When we say that the objectivity of objects is based upon subjectivity we mean that it is not something confined to a single person and something fortuitous to their individuality and situation and discretion; it is not personal knowledge. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. God, for example, is not a thing in that he is not calculable or measurable within the overall parameters of time and space positions and locations. 2. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. Wikipedia. the doctors knowledge is that of abetting what is true of nature in regard to the health of human beings. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it.