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The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . However, that is not so in a federal government system. /F7 24 0 R To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. This is because most of the power (financial and. Seven (7) Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria - Blogger After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. 2. In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 Unity of the country: 3.3 3. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . /Resources << PDF The 2015 General Elections: Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria | LearnAllinfo Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. Rt. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Does Federalism Make Sense For The Philippines? - Forbes This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. Resource control: 3.7 7. Your email address will not be published. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. ! Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. /Height 235 The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. >> Adobe d C 7 Reasons for Federalism in Nigeria: Why Nigeria Adopted Federal System In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. Pls visit us again dear reader. Your email address will not be published. by the federal or any state government. 1954 Lagos Constitutional Conference In Nigeria (Decisions) - Kofa Study All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. >> Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS - Academia.edu Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. Federalism in India - Analysis of the Indian Constitution By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. /Type /XObject The chief architect of this theory is Riker. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. ICT and Its Impact on National Development In Nigeria: An Overview 3 0 obj Download Defensive Federalism [PDF] Format for Free - Clemson Parade The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. Full History of Nigerian Federalism | Nigerian Federalism The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). Each state has the same level of self-governance. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Moreover, Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism in Nigeria - Wikipedia << This was many times more the population of most African countries then. welcome, and thanks for reading us. /Length 3884 To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. % Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. %PDF-1.5 The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. << REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. 2. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| What are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Nigeria: A Federation in Search of Federalism Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Federalism in Nigeria : The past , Current Peril and Future Hopes Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? (Pdf) Fiscal Federalism and Local Government Financial Autonomy in Population of the country Federalism in Nigeria. Federalism, Nigerian Federal Constitution and the Practice of Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. Federalism Complicates the Response to the COVID-19 Health and Economic Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. /Font << Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Air Plan Approval; Texas; New Source Review Updates for Project 4 Topics . For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. True Federalism and Restructuring in Nigeria: Challenges and the - SSRN Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. /Length 14727 Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Your email address will not be published. Nigeria- Constitutional Developments Political Economy Judiciary and Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. It is our pleasure. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. << There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. He rejects the assertion that The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Fiscal federalism, sub-national revolts and internal colonialism in Nigeria Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Introduction: Federalism in Nigeria | Publius: The Journal of